Bias — where it appears
Named by 2 essays across 2 fields — each of them below, with the objects they name alongside it.
Also named here as selection — the same set of essays touches all of them, so they are one junction rather than several.
A sample that is confidently wrong
Fifty lopsided junctions from a tree built at an exponent of exactly 3 return 1.7, with an interval that excludes 3 and excludes 2 as well. The sample carrying almost no information does not give a wide answer — it gives a narrow wrong one, and the cause is a selection nobody applies on purpose.
What a summary throws away
Four statistics this collection has relied on turn out to be incapable of varying with the thing they describe — one is invariant to shuffling, one is fixed by a theorem, one is a parameter that stopped mattering, one is a fitted number selected into being wrong. In each case the second statistic was free and nobody had taken it.
Named alongside it
The objects these essays reach for when they reach for this one.
Branching exponentMeasurementSamplingSelectionSpecimenSummary statisticSurveyAllometryAutocorrelationDa Vinci's ruleDisorderDivergence angle